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Collective action for water harvesting irrigation (WHI) refers to the joint or collective effort of farmers in getting and using water for crop, animal, household, or other purposes. Organized water user groups also handle external representation with government programs and external demands (either competing or complementary) for water and other resources. In water-scarce areas, the goal is for farmers to produce high crop yields with less water, which can be achieved when farmers collectively manage the water resources available to them. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI4; CAPRi ; EPTD

Discusses the alleged Israeli organ trafficking occurring with the sanction of high-level government officials, highlighting the use of organs from Palestinian bodies & drawing on the commentary of Organ Watch found Nancy Scheper-Hughes. Adapted from the source document.

With size, voting discipline, and technical resources superior to those of most Brazilian parties, in the last two decades, the support of the Agrarian Caucus has become crucial for the realization of presidents' legislative agenda. In a country where 87 percent of the population is urban, how have representatives of the agrarian elites become key players in bargaining on nonagrarian issues? This article argues that Brazilian agrarian elites have been so successful because they have devised an electoral strategy that maximizes their leverage in a fragmented party system with ideologically weak right-wing parties. Empirically, I show how agrarian elites in Brazil finance legislative campaigns, mobilize voters, and subsidize the legislative work of politicians from their ranks, independently of their partisan affiliation. Theoretically, I discuss the advantages of a candidate-centered electoral strategy: self-representation and multipartisanship. While self-representation has granted agrarian elites direct access to agenda-setting positions within Congress, having members in many parties has increased the number of agenda-setting positions they can control and guaranteed their presence in the legislative coalition of right- and left-wing presidents alike.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary: The Elusive Promise of Productivity -- 1. Sources of Growth in Agriculture -- Improving Agricultural Productivity: Traversing the Last Mile toward Reducing Extreme Poverty -- Poverty Reduction, Productivity Growth, and Economic Transformation -- Trends in Land and Labor Productivity -- Conceptualizing Sources of Agricultural Growth -- The Increasing Importance of TFP in Driving Agricultural Output Growth -- What Will Accelerate Agricultural TFP? -- Annex 1A. Issues in Measuring Agricultural Productivity -- Notes -- References -- 2. Misallocation and Productivity Growth -- The Potential for Productivity Gains from Reallocation -- Insights on Farm Size and Productivity -- Labor Productivity and Structural Transformation -- Annex 2A. Microdata Sources for Measuring Labor Productivity in China and India -- Annex 2B. Distribution of Workdays by Farm and Nonfarm Activities in a Typical Month for an Average Adult Worker in India -- Annex 2C. Labor Productivity Differences by Farm Size -- Annex 2D. Labor Productivity Differences by Education Level -- Annex 2E. Drivers of Wage Differentials between Farm and Nonfarm Work in China -- Notes -- References -- 3. Investing in Innovation -- Agriculture Innovation Policy in a Changing Global Context -- Agriculture R& -- D Spending Worldwide: Increasing but Uneven -- Revitalizing Public Research -- Providing Incentives for Private Innovation -- Concluding Remarks -- Annex 3A. Market Liberalization in Africa's Maize Seed Industry -- Annex 3B. Do Plant Breeders' Rights Stimulate Investment in Crop Improvement? -- Annex 3C. Herbicide Demand and Regional Harmonization of Regulations in Africa -- Notes -- References -- 4. Improving the Enabling Environment for Technology Adoption.

This book documents frontier knowledge on the drivers of agriculture productivity to derive pragmatic policy advice for governments and development partners on reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. The analysis describes global trends and long-term sources of total factor productivity growth, along with broad trends in partial factor productivity for land and labor, revisiting the question of scale economies in farming. Technology is central to growth in agricultural productivity, yet across many parts of the developing world, readily available technology is never taken up. We investigate demand-side constraints of the technology equation to analyze factors that might influence producers, particularly poor producers, to adopt modern technology. Agriculture and food systems are rapidly transforming, characterized by shifting food preferences, the rise and growing sophistication of value chains, the increasing globalization of agriculture, and the expanding role of the public and private sectors in bringing about efficient and more rapid productivity growth. In light of this transformation, the analysis focuses on the supply side of the technology equation, exploring how the enabling environment and regulations related to trade and intellectual property rights stimulate Research and Development to raise productivity. The book also discusses emerging developments in modern value chains that contribute to rising productivity. This book is the fourth volume of the World Bank Productivity Project, which seeks to bring frontier thinking on the measurement and determinants of productivity to global policy makers.

This paper addresses the crises in the world's fisheries involving dwindling stocks, overcapitalization, and jurisdiction disputes from a property rights perspective. In particular, it examines the causes of the problems fishers face and explores the potential of privatizing the right to catch fish as a means to address the crises. The analysis assesses experiences of private harvesting rights with reference to monitoring and enforcement, allocating rights, economic benefits, adjustments in the fishery, and resource rents. It also examines issues such as fluctuating fish stocks, straddling stocks and high seas fisheries, and the endemic poverty of many artisanal fisheries in the context of current fisheries practice.

This article after a brief introduction which describes the Inuit of Canada and their administrative segmentation by the territorial and provincial boundaries of the Yukon Territory, Northwest Territory, Nunavut Territory, Province of Quebec and the Province of Labrador. While arguably the Inuit are also considered to have traditionally used the northern regions of other provinces this study will focus on the present governance organizational framework assigned via Inuit Land Claims with Canada. The formation of Canada in 1867 and the subsequent partitioning of the Yukon and Nunavut from the Northwest Territory, and the addition of the Northern Quebec (Ungava Bay Peninsula) in 1912 to Quebec, and the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador joining Canadian Confederation in 1949 delineated the Inuit within these provincial and territorial jurisdictions in what had once been considered by the Inuit one large all inclusive contiguous land and sea home area they refer to as Nunangat. And, so it is that as the Inuit were brought in (or ordered) of the land from their nomadic and semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer existence, they came under the administration of federal and respective territorial and provincial governments and divided from their fellow Inuit across these boundaries. Thus, as Inuit have become more organized and schooled in the ways of the colonial/post-colonial administration they have begun through a process of devolution to seek the autonomy of governance requisite to pursue self-governance and self-determination. And to this the Government of Canada has been responding through consultations and negotiations, entering into Land Claims Agreements with each of the four respective sub-groups of the Nunangat. The land claims are with Nunavik (1975), Inuvialuit (1984), Nunavut (1993) and Nunatsiavut (2005). The Inuit Land Claims are preliminarily identified in Section 2. However, they are only one component on the Inuit devolutionary path to self-governance and self-determination, and this section also further ...

The blades of helicopters are heavily loaded and are critical components. Failure of any one blade will lead to loss of the aircraft. Currently, the technical lifespan of helicopter blades is calculated using a worst-case operation scenario. The consequence is that a blade that may be suitable for, for example, ten thousand flight hours is discarded after only three thousand hours. The costs associated with this practice are enormous. For heavily loaded military aircraft this practice may be a reasonable approach. On the other hand, light duty aircraft in civil aviation may only use the blades for half or one third of the total technical lifespan, incurring unnecessarily high costs. Although the blade life could be extended through more advanced materials, extensive inspection regimes and better design, the uncertainty concerning the blade loads and fatigue issues remains. These options are all very costly. Measuring systems are required within the blade in order to more accurately follow the actual loads that it is subjected to. In this manner it is possible to monitor the loads, calculate the actual fatigue within the blade and, finally, the end of life can be predicted far more accurately. This will result in blades being used longer, reducing maintenance costs for the operator and lowering the environmental impact of blade manufacturing. The main challenge is supplying the sensors with electric power. Large rotorcraft have slip rings within the rotor head, supplying power for de-icing systems on the leading edge of the blade. This power is unsuitable for sensing and data processing because it is high voltage, and is not a stable source of power. Additionally, slip rings are maintenance intensive. The idea proposed in this thesis is to generate the power needed for sensing within the blade itself. Many generation methods are available varying from traditional electromagnetic generators to solid state conversion mechanisms. In this work, piezoelectrics are considered as a candidate to harvest power. Piezoelectric material is a material which develops an electrical charge as it is mechanically stressed. It is shown in this thesis that a useful amount of power can be recovered from the blade when combined with the right electric circuit.

Migrant labor is widely used in agricultural production in many parts of Türkiye especially during the harvesting season. This article explores the precaritization process of seasonal agricultural labor markets in Türkiye by highlighting how three regimes—migration management, labor bonding and recruitment—work simultaneously to regulate migrant labor supply. By attracting vulnerable and cheap labor of Syrian, Azeri and Georgian workers, the Turkish agricultural sector has extended its reach to the most disadvantaged groups and intensified the precaritization of the labor force. Based on empirical findings from previous fieldworks conducted between 2015 and 2019 in various agricultural sites throughout Türkiye, this paper argues that precaritization is not only a result of working conditions and job characteristics in the agricultural sector but also a consequence of these three regimes working harmoniously as they generate competition among different worker groups for existing jobs. While migration regime and restrictions on migrant labor determine migrant and refugee labor's living and working conditions, intermediaries and ethnic ties also facilitate the integration of precarious labor into seasonal wage work. The paper provides valuable insights into the dynamics of labor exploitation in the agricultural sector in Türkiye and the need for regulatory mechanisms that protect the rights of seasonal agricultural workers.

Includes bibliographical references. ; 2020 Spring. ; Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a localized renewable water supply alternative that minimizes the necessary resources for beneficial use. Estimates for RWH potential vary, and past studies conclude that accurate modeling depends on variables like precipitation, demand, and tank volume. In Colorado, RWH potential is limited by the high irrigation rates required by traditional turfgrass landscaping in the semi-arid climate. Additionally, RWH storage volume is strictly regulated under Colorado water law for both residential rooftop runoff capture (decentralized) and neighborhood-scale stormwater harvesting (centralized). Historically, legal storage limitations have effectively prohibited RWH, but legislation in the last decade has increased viability of, and interest in, RWH as a renewable supply source. However, despite recent progress toward RWH, it remains unclear whether Colorado has appropriate policy, infrastructure, and climate conditions to develop RWH as viable water supply. This research furthers our understanding of the practical viability of RWH in Colorado and finds that current allowable harvesting practices can provide for residential irrigation when demand is limited by landscaping area and vegetation type. Established and novel modeling methodologies are used to evaluate water quality treatment for stormwater harvesting, to develop estimates of allowable harvest volume for centralized harvesting, and to estimate supply yield potential for both centralized and decentralized RWH. We tested the sufficiency of one- and twoparameter linear models for predicting stormwater treatment effluent quality and conclude that monitoring studies should more thoroughly report parameters to support more complex treatment models for better treatment estimates. A state-approved water rights accounting method and tool were developed to support centralized RWH pilot projects; the tool lowers the barrier to entry for pilot participants and represents an innovative expansion of Colorado's water administration practices. Finally, the potential yield of residential RWH was simulated with different supply and demand variables. We conclude that RWH potential is most limited by irrigation demand, and that changes in precipitation and storage volume have the largest effect on increasing yield when irrigation demand is lowest.

In January 2017, the Latvian trawler Senator was arrested by the Norwegian Coast Guard for illegal harvest of snow crabs in the Svalbard Fisheries Protection Zone (SFPZ) and was found guilty by the Norwegian Supreme Court. The trawler had a license issued by the European Union, which, in the eyes of Norwegian authorities, does not have the legitimate right to issue licenses for snow crab harvest within the zone. The actions following the verdict may have implications on Norwegian sovereignty to regulate harvest in the SFPZ and on the continental shelf, where the Norwegian government expects among half of Norwegian oil and gas resources to be located. One of the main goals in the governments Arctic strategy is to continue dialogue with the European Union on important Arctic matters and to facilitate for further petroleum industry in the Barents Sea while creating a mutual understanding of international maritime law in the Arctic. The aftermaths of the trial in the Supreme Court could prove problematic should the oil and gas explorations be successful. The thesis uses temporal status comparison theory and the concept of identity to analyze the progression of the Norwegian Arctic Self-identity, constructed by and manifested in traditions of resource extraction, efforts in establishing and ownership over contemporary the international maritime law regime, and outside of the European Union. The thesis argues that the snow crab dispute challenges the harvesting regimes in the Barents Sea and disrupt the Norwegian Arctic Self-identity through the potential loss of sovereignty over rights to regulate the maritime resources in the SFPZ and on the continental shelf. Emphasizing the importance of a state's Arctic Self-identity, and how it can assist in understanding the unwillingness to compromise. ; M-IR